THE OUTCOME OF PULSELESS PINK HAND FOLLOWING CLOSED SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE HUMERUS IN PEDIATRICS.

Management of children with supracondylar humeral fractures with pulseless pink hands is still controversial, whether to choose operative or conservative treatment. Proponents of conventional treatment mentioned that most patients can restore the motor and sensory function of the hand shortly after the injury without the need to restore distal pulse by surgery. Opponents of this treatment strategy claim that many patients will develop limb shortening a few years after the injury leading to functional and psychological problems. In this study, we made a comparison of the outcomes of each treatment to help in making policy for the treatment of such types of injuries in our center. This study answers the question "Which method is preferred for treating supracondylar humeral fracture with suspected vascular injury represented by pulseless pink hand, and what are the short and long-term outcomes of each treatment method. The main objective of the study is to settle a policy for the treatment of such types of injuries in our center. This study is a retrospective for the 10-year period from 2010 to 2020, it included 74 patients with blunt trauma to one upper extremity. All patients were children aged one year to fourteen years. Patients with penetrating trauma, combined penetrating and blunt trauma, victims of burns and explosions, and patients with other co-morbidities were excluded. We have two treatment strategies: Conservative (watchful waiting) and Operative exploration. We compared the outcomes of these two strategies regarding the short-term outcome (6 months follow-up) and the long-term outcome (5 years follow-up). We looked for acute and chronic limb ischemia and chronic pain syndrome as the short-term follow-up, while we took limb shortening and chronic limb ischemia and limb function as variables of the long-term follow-up. We don't have the ability to control patients for the psychological examination by a psychiatrist, therefore; we excluded this variable from our study.

Entrapment of the brachial artery in the cancellous bone in pulseless supracondylar humerus fractures with well-perfused hands: Report of three cases.

Management of pediatric pulseless supracondylar humerus fractures is a point of continuous debate. In this article, we present three cases admitted to the emergency department with pulseless, but well-perfused hands. The fractures were reduced and fixed using the antecubital approach. Prior to reduction, the brachial arteries of all three patients were entrapped in the cancellous bone of the proximal fragment segment. The arteries could only be released after freeing the adventitia by carefully scraping the adjacent bone with the tip of a hemostat. One case required thrombectomy through an arteriotomy using No. 3 Fogarty catheter. In two cases, the pulse returned after a brief period of waiting with no need for vascular intervention. Proceeding with closed reduction, as proposed by the recent guidelines, would result in further damage to the entrapped vasculature, which may go unnoticed due to collateral circulation.

Optimal opportunistic screening of atrial fibrillation using pulse palpation in cardiology outpatient clinics: Who and how.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) remain a prevalent undiagnosed condition frequently encountered in primary care. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to find the parameters that optimize the diagnostic accuracy of pulse palpation to detect AF. We also aimed to create a simple algorithm for selecting which individuals would benefit from pulse palpation and, if positive, receive an ECG to detect AF. METHODS: Nurses from four Cardiology outpatient clinics palpated 7,844 pulses according to a randomized list of arterial territories and durations of measure and immediately followed by a 12-lead ECG, which we used as the reference standard. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the palpation parameters. We also assessed whether diagnostic accuracy depended on the nurse's experience or on a list of clinical factors of the patients. With this information, we estimated the positive predictive values and false omission rates according to very few clinical factors readily available in primary care (age, sex, and diagnosis of heart failure) and used them to create the algorithm. RESULTS: The parameters associated with the highest diagnostic accuracy were palpation of the radial artery and classifying as irregular those palpations in which the nurse was uncertain about pulse regularity or unable to palpate pulse (sensitivity = 79%; specificity = 86%). Specificity decreased with age. Neither the nurse's experience nor any investigated clinical factor influenced diagnostic accuracy. We provide the algorithm to select the ≥40 years old individuals that would benefit from a pulse palpation screening: a) do nothing in <60 years old individuals without heart failure; b) do ECG in ≥70 years old individuals with heart failure; c) do radial pulse palpation in the remaining individuals and do ECG if the pulse is irregular or you are uncertain about its regularity or unable to palpate it. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic screening for AF using optimal pulse palpation in candidate individuals according to a simple algorithm may have high effectiveness in detecting AF in primary care.

Strategy of pulseless pink supracondylar humerus fracture treatment in children: a comparison of two approaches.

PURPOSE: The appropriate treatment of pulseless pink supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) remains controversial. In this study, the outcomes of two treatment approaches (with and without vascular surgery) were compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study of patients with pulseless pink SCHFs treated in ten pediatric surgery, trauma, or orthopedics departments in the Czech and Slovak Republic between 2014 and 2018. RESULTS: Of the total 3608 cases of displaced SCHF, 125 had the pulseless pink SCHF. Of those, 91% (114/125) did not undergo vascular surgery and 9% (11/125) underwent vascular surgery. The patients who did undergo vascular surgery had radial artery pulsation restored more frequently in the operating room (73% vs. 36%; p = 0.02), within 6 h (91% vs. 45%; p = 0.004), and within 24 h of surgery (91% vs. 57%; p = 0.05). However, 72 h after surgery, there was no significant difference in palpable radial artery pulsation between the vascular surgery and the non-vascular surgery groups (91% vs. 74%; p = 0.24). Additionally, no significant differences in long-term neurological (9% vs. 22%; p = 0.46) or circulatory (9% vs. 7%; p = 0.57) deficits were found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: While vascular surgery in patients with pulseless pink SCHFs is associated with a more prompt restoration of radial artery pulsation, no statistical significant differences in terms of the restoration of neurological deficits or the risks of long-term neurological or circulatory deficits were found between patients with and without vascular surgery.

A Transfer Function Model Development for Reconstructing Radial Pulse Pressure Waveforms Using Non-Invasively Measured Pulses by a Robotic Tonometry System.

The primary goal of this study is to develop a mathematical model that can establish a transfer function relationship between the "external" pulse pressures measured by a tonometer and the "internal" pulse pressure in the artery. The purpose of the model is to accurately estimate and rebuild the internal pulse pressure waveforms using arterial tonometry measurements. To develop and validate a model without human subjects and operators for consistency, this study employs a radial pulse generation system, a robotic tonometry system, and a write model with an artificial skin and vessel. A transfer function model is developed using the results of the pulse testing and the mechanical characterization testing of the skin and vessel. To evaluate the model, the pulse waveforms are first reconstructed for various reference pulses using the model with tonometry data. They are then compared with pulse waveforms acquired by internal measurement (by the built-in pressure sensor in the vessel) the external measurement (the on-skin measurement by the robotic tonometry system). The results show that the model-produced pulse waveforms coinciding well with the internal pulse waveforms with small relative errors, indicating the effectiveness of the model in reproducing the actual pulse pressures inside the vessel.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prone position and COVID-19 / Reanimación cardiopulmonar en decúbito prono y COVID-19

Patients with severe COVID-19 infection frequently require to be in prone position. 1 Furthermore, these patients with mechanical ventilation need additional vasopressor support (95.4 % vs. 1.5 %) and exhibit a higher risk of developing atrial arrhythmias (17.7 % vs. 1.9 %). 2 A study conducted in Wuhan, China, reported that 17.9 % of the patients experienced intrahospital cardiac arrest; the arrest rhythms were asystole (89.7 %), pulseless electrical activity (4.4 %) and defibrillatable rhythms (5.9 %). 3 In order to reduce the hemodynamic effects secondary to changes in position 4 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers in prone position are recommended (inverted CPR) 5; this technique was described in 1989 by McNeil, and has proven to be successful 6,7 doing the inverse precordial compressions at the usual rate and amplitude. 8 86 % of the patients have the largest left ventricular area localized between 0 and 2 vertebral segments below the line that crosses the two inferior angles of the scapulae. In this location, the maneuver may be done as shown in Figure 1

Los pacientes con infección grave por COVID-19 requieren con frecuencia estar en posición prona. 1 Además, estos pacientes con ventilación mecánica necesitan apoyo vasopresor adicional (95,4 % frente a 1,5 %) y presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar arritmias auriculares (17,7 % frente a 1,9 %). 2 Un estudio realizado en Wuhan, China, informó de que el 17,9% de los pacientes experimentaron una parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria; los ritmos de parada fueron asistolia (89,7%), actividad eléctrica sin pulso (4,4%) y ritmos desfibrilables (5,9%). 3 Para reducir los efectos hemodinámicos secundarios a los cambios de posición 4 se recomiendan las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) en decúbito prono (RCP invertida) 5; esta técnica fue descrita en 1989 por McNeil, y ha demostrado ser exitosa 6,7 realizando las compresiones precordiales inversas a la frecuencia y amplitud habituales. 8 El 86% de los pacientes tienen la mayor área ventricular izquierda localizada entre 0 y 2 segmentos vertebrales por debajo de la línea que cruza los dos ángulos inferiores de las escápulas. En esta localización, la maniobra puede realizarse como se muestra en la figura 1

Reporte de dos casos de trauma vascular / Two Parallel Case Reports of Vascular Trauma

Los traumas vasculares periféricos poseen una frecuencia elevada en relación con las lesiones vasculares y conllevan a una incapacidad significativa a pacientes relativamente jóvenes. La identificación oportuna y el manejo inicial adecuado de este tipo de lesión son muy importantes para su posterior evolución. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo exponer la importancia del tratamiento oportuno del trauma vascular en dos pacientes llegados el mismo día al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se presenta como primer caso a un paciente masculino de 44 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud aparente. Sufrió una herida de aproximadamente 12 cm en el brazo izquierdo, que se acompañó de sangramiento e hipotensión arterial. Se le colocó injerto protésico y se le realizó anastomosis término-terminal en la arteria humeral porque presentaba sección completa de esta; su evolución fue favorable. El segundo caso se trata de un paciente masculino de 60 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud aparente. Sufrió un trauma en el antebrazo izquierdo que le provocó una herida de alrededor de 8 cm, con sangramiento, palidez y frialdad del tercio distal del antebrazo, cianosis reversible de la mano, impotencia funcional, ausencia de pulso radial e hipotensión arterial. Se le realizó anastomosis término-terminal de arteria radial porque presentaba sección completa de esta y su evolución resultó favorable. El tratamiento oportuno y acertado del trauma vascular evitó la pérdida de la vida de los pacientes, disminuyó la presencia de complicaciones, aseguró una evolución rápida y redujo incapacidades en estos(AU)

Peripheral vascular traumas have a high frequency in relation to vascular lesions, and lead to significant disability in relatively young patients. Timely identification and adequate initial management of this type of lesion are very important for its subsequent evolution. This article aimed to show the importance of timely treatment of vascular trauma in two patients who arrived on the same day at the emergency service of Dr. Luis Díaz Soto Central Military Hospital. The first case presented corresponds to a 44-year-old male patient apparently without previous heath conditions. He had a wound of approximately twelve centimeters on the left arm, which was accompanied by bleeding and arterial hypotension. The patient was placed a prosthetic graft and performed an end-to-end anastomosis in the brachial artery because it was completely sectioned. The patient's evolution was favorable. The second case corresponds to a 60-year-old male patient with an apparent health history. He suffered a trauma to his left forearm that caused a wound of about 8 cm, with bleeding, paleness and coldness of the distal third of the forearm, reversible cyanosis of the hand, functional impotence, absence of radial pulse and arterial hypotension. End-to-end anastomosis of the radial artery was performed because the patient presented complete section of the artery and his evolution was favorable. Timely and correct treatment of vascular trauma prevented the loss of life in both patients, reduced the presence of complications, ensured a rapid evolution, and reduced their disabilities(AU)

A novel art of continuous noninvasive blood pressure measurement.

Wearable sensors to continuously measure blood pressure and derived cardiovascular variables have the potential to revolutionize patient monitoring. Current wearable methods analyzing time components (e.g., pulse transit time) still lack clinical accuracy, whereas existing technologies for direct blood pressure measurement are too bulky. Here we present an innovative art of continuous noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring (CNAP2GO). It directly measures blood pressure by using a volume control technique and could be used for small wearable sensors integrated in a finger-ring. As a software prototype, CNAP2GO showed excellent blood pressure measurement performance in comparison with invasive reference measurements in 46 patients having surgery. The resulting pulsatile blood pressure signal carries information to derive cardiac output and other hemodynamic variables. We show that CNAP2GO can self-calibrate and be miniaturized for wearable approaches. CNAP2GO potentially constitutes the breakthrough for wearable sensors for blood pressure and flow monitoring in both ambulatory and in-hospital clinical settings.

Treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures accompanied with pink pulseless hands.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment for pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures accompanied with a pink pulseless hand is controversial. Some clinicians recommend close observation after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of the fractures, while some recommend surgical exploration if the radial pulse is unpalpable. The present study aimed to analyze the benefits and outcomes of close observation for treating pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures with a pink pulseless hand. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive children presenting with a pink pulseless hand following supracondylar humeral fracture were enrolled in this study. Preoperative and postoperative color-flow Duplex ultrasound detection was used to assess brachial artery compromise in most cases. Urgent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of the fractures were attempted first. Close observation was carried out when the hand was pink and pulseless with an absent radial pulse. RESULTS: Preoperative color-flow Duplex ultrasound showed no disruption of the brachial artery in cases detected. Compression of the artery by the proximal fragment was observed in most cases, with one case of entrapment of the artery between fragments, and thrombus considered in two cases. All cases underwent urgent surgery, after which nine experienced immediate return of the radial pulse. The remaining four without a palpable pulse were managed with close observation and no deterioration of the vascular status was observed; therefore, no surgical exploration was performed. Postoperative color-flow Duplex ultrasound revealed continuity of the artery and rich collateral circulation. Patients completed an average of 4.5 years of follow-up, during which no major complications occurred. All patients achieved excellent limb function. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that close observation after urgent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is a sufficient approach for the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures accompanied with a pink pulseless hand. Surgical exploration is not necessary as long as the hand is warm and well perfused. Color-flow Duplex ultrasound is beneficial for assessing vascular compromise and determining treatment strategies.

Interleukin-6-Mediated-Ca2+ Handling Abnormalities Contributes to Atrial Fibrillation in Sterile Pericarditis Rats.

Pre-existing Ca2+ handling abnormalities constitute the arrhythmogenic substrate in patients developing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), a common complication after cardiac surgery. Postoperative interleukin (IL)-6 levels are associated with atrial fibrosis in several animal models of POAF, contributing to atrial arrhythmias. Here, we hypothesize that IL-6-mediated-Ca2+ handling abnormalities contribute to atrial fibrillation (AF) in sterile pericarditis (SP) rats, an animal model of POAF. SP was induced in rats by dusting atria with sterile talcum powder. Anti-rat-IL-6 antibody (16.7 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at 30 min after the recovery of anesthesia. In vivo electrophysiology, ex vivo optical mapping, western blots, and immunohistochemistry were performed to elucidate mechanisms of AF susceptibility. IL-6 neutralization ameliorated atrial inflammation and fibrosis, as well as AF susceptibility in vivo and the frequency of atrial ectopy and AF with a reentrant pattern in SP rats ex vivo. IL-6 neutralization reversed the prolongation and regional heterogeneity of Ca2+ transient duration, relieved alternans, reduced the incidence of discordant alternans, and prevented the reduction and regional heterogeneity of the recovery ratio of Ca2+ transient. In agreement, western blots showed that IL-6 neutralization reversed the reduction in the expression of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and phosphorylated phospholamban. Acute IL-6 administration to isolated rat hearts recapitulated partial Ca2+ handling phenotype in SP rats. In addition, intraperitoneal IL-6 administration to rats increased AF susceptibility, independent of fibrosis. Our results reveal that IL-6-mediated-Ca2+ handling abnormalities in SP rats, especially RyR2-dysfunction, independent of IL-6-induced-fibrosis, early contribute to the development of POAF by increasing propensity for arrhythmogenic alternans.

Princípios analíticos da gasometria arterial / Analytical principles of arterial gasometry

Gasometria arterial (GA) é um exame que permite avaliar a condição respiratória e metabólica do paciente, sendo uma das formas mais comuns de investigação clínica em casos emergenciais e de cuidados críticos. É utilizada para medir as concentrações de oxigênio e também para avaliação do distúrbio do equilíbrio ácido-base, da oxigenação do sangue arterial e da ventilação alveolar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apontar e avaliar os princípios da técnica de gasometria arterial, fases analíticas, principais doenças em que se utiliza o exame e inovações da técnica ao longo dos anos, baseado em dados de artigos científicos e banco de dados do Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) e Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde). A coleta de sangue arterial para gasometria ocorre através de um procedimento invasivo realizado por intermédio de uma punção arterial. Tal procedimento é executado pelo profissional enfermeiro e exige qualificações técnicas e científicas. O estudo mostrou que as informações acerca do exame constituem uma importante ferramenta para que se possam compreender a complexidade da técnica bem como os distúrbios ácido-base envolvidos na clínica do paciente.

Arterial blood gas (GA) is an exam that allows the assessment of respiratory and metabolic condition, being one of the most common forms of clinical investigation in emergency cases and critical care. It is used to measure oxygen concentrations, as well as for evaluation of acid-base balance disorder, arterial blood oxygenation and alveolar ventilation. This study aims to point out and evaluate the principles of arterial blood gas technique, analytical phases, main diseases in which the examination is used and innovations of the technique over the years, based on data from scientific articles and SciELO database (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature). The collection of arterial blood for blood gas analysis occurs through an invasive procedure in which an arterial puncture is performed. Such procedure is performed by the professional nurse and requires technical and scientific qualifications. The study showed that the information about the exam is an important tool to understand the complexity of the technique, as well as the acid-base disorders involved in the patient's clinic.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratios Are Closely Associated With the Severity and Course of Non-mild COVID-19.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading worldwide. Measuring the prevention and control of the disease has become a matter requiring urgent focus. Objective: Based on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical data from Wuhan, we conducted an in-depth analysis to clarify some of the pathological mechanisms of the disease and identify simple measures to predict its severity early on. Methods: A total of 230 patients with non-mild COVID-19 were recruited, and information on their clinical characteristics, inflammatory cytokines, and T lymphocyte subsets was collected. Risk factors for severity were analyzed by binary logistic regression, and the associations of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (N/LRs) with illness severity, disease course, CT grading, inflammatory cytokines, and T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. Results: Our results showed that the N/LRs were closely related to interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 (P < 0.001, P = 0.024) and to CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.001, P = 0.046). In particular, the N/LRs were positively correlated with the severity and course of the disease (P = 0.021, P < 0.001). Compared to the values at the first test after admission, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, as of the last test before discharge (P = 0.006, P < 0.001). More importantly, through binary logistic regression, we found that male sex, underlying diseases (such as cardiovascular disease), pulse, and N/LRs were all closely related to the severity of the disease (P = 0.004, P = 0.012, P = 0.013, P = 0.028). Conclusions: As a quick and convenient marker of inflammation, N/LRs may predict the disease course and severity level of non-mild COVID-19; male sex, cardiovascular disease, and pulse are also risk factors for the severity of non-mild COVID-19.

Initial experience of cardiac catheterization through distal radial access in a femoralist center / Experiencia inicial de cateterización cardiaca mediante acceso radial distal en un centro femoralista

Objective: to share our experience in the radial distal approach to perform coronary angiography and / or dilation of coronary stenosis. The initial results are exposed in the access of the distal radial artery or in the so-called anatomical "snuff box". Methods: The left or right radial distal artery was used as an access site in 6 patients admitted to the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery for coronary angiography and dilatation of coronary stenosis between May 6 and June 6 of 2019. All with pulse present in their distal radial artery. In the laboratory, they had the access arm flexed with respect to the homolateral shoulder so that the hand was placed on their contralateral groin. In all cases, the operator was placed on the right side of the patient, to perform coronary angiography and / or dilation of coronary stenosis. During the hospital stay, the main demographic characteristics and complications were recorded. Results: the average age of the patients was 72 +/- 10 years and 83.3 percent were men. We use the Judkins and Amplatz 6 and 5 French catheters for the procedures. Five admitted with the diagnosis of angina and one with severe aortic valve stenosis. In 5 patients, distal transradial coronary angiography was successfully performed. Only one patient experienced distal radial spasm, using in this case the ipsilateral proximal radial access, without making it necessary to approach the femoral artery. In total, 4 patients had coronary intervention, performing successfully in the 4 patients. The right coronary artery was the artery that required most of the intervention (3 patients). There were no cases of occlusion of the radial arteries, no hematoma of the hand, of the B.A.R.C scale greater than 1 was observed in any patient. Numbness of the hand was documented in none. The radial introducer was removed at the end of the procedure. Hemostasis was achieved with manual compression. Conclusion: the distal radial approach is feasible in a selected group of patients as a procedure for coronary angiography and dilatation of coronary stenosis(AU)

Objetivo: compartir nuestra experiencia en el abordaje radial distal para realizar la angiografía coronaria y/o la dilatación de la estenosis coronaria. Se exponen los resultados iniciales en el acceso de la arteria radial distal o en la llamada "tabaquera" anatómica. Métodos: se utilizó la arteria radial distal izquierda o derecha como sitio de acceso en 6 pacientes ingresados en el Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular para angiografía coronaria y dilatación de estenosis coronaria del 6 de mayo al 6 de junio de 2019. Todos los pacientes tenían pulso en la arteria radial distal. En el laboratorio, se les flexionó el brazo de acceso con respecto al hombro homolateral de modo que la mano descansara sobre la ingle contralateral. En todos los casos, el técnico se situó a la derecha del paciente para realizar la angiografía coronaria y/o dilatación de la estenosis coronaria. Durante la estancia de los pacientes en el hospital, se registraron sus principales características demográficas y complicaciones. Resultados: la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 72 +/- 10 años y 83,3 por ciento eran hombres. Usamos catéteres franceses Judkins y Amplatz 6 y 5 para los procedimientos. Cinco pacientes habían sido ingresados con un diagnóstico de angina y uno con estenosis valvular aórtica severa. La angiografía coronaria transradial distal fue exitosa en 5 pacientes. Solo un paciente experimentó un espasmo distal radial, usándose en ese caso el acceso radial proximal ipsilateral sin que fuera necesario abordar la arteria femoral. Un total de 4 pacientes se sometieron a intervención coronaria, la que fue exitosa en los 4. La arteria coronaria derecha fue la que requirió la mayor parte de la intervención (3 pacientes). No hubo ningún caso de oclusión de las arterias radiales ni de hematoma de la mano. Tampoco se observó un valor de la escala BARC mayor de 1 en ningún paciente. No se documentó entumecimiento de la mano en ningún paciente. El introductor radial se retiró al final del procedimiento. La hemostasia se alcanzó mediante compresión manual. Conclusión: el abordaje radial distal es factible en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes como procedimiento para la angiografía coronaria y la dilatación de la estenosis coronaria(AU)

Monitoreo de pulsioximetría en extracciones dentales bajo protocolo de exodoncia simple y quirúrgico / Pulse oximetry measure in dental extractions under simple and surgical exodoncy protocol

INTRODUCCIÓN. El uso de un oxímetro como método de monitoreo no invasivo para el paciente permite al profesional odontólogo detectar, evaluar y prevenir situaciones de urgencia. OBJETIVO. Analizar la pulsioximetría en pacientes atendidos por extracciones dentales en el Centro Quirúrgico de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo realizado a 30 pacientes bajo protocolo de exodoncia quirúrgica y 30 bajo protocolo de exodoncia simple; a los cuales se monitoreó constantes vitales con pulsioxímetro, los datos se pro-cesaron con el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Versión 2.0 para determinar varianza a través de distribución de frecuencias, medias, desviación estándar, pruebas de T Student y Anova. RESULTADOS. Existió mayor alteración en pulso durante la fase de exodoncia en ambos protocolos de atención, mientras que la saturación de oxígeno aumentó desde la fase de anestesia, sin tener varianzas significativas. Las mujeres presentaron valores elevados de saturación de oxígeno 95,5% y pulso (87,07 ± 1,39 latidos por minuto) en comparación con los hombres durante todas las fases de ambos protocolos. Existieron variaciones significativas de pul-so en pacientes sometidos a exodoncias quirúrgicas con ansiedad leve o nula mientras que en exodoncia simple existió mayor varianza de pulso en aquellos con ansiedad mode-rada según la Escala de Ansiedad de Corah. Se presentaron cuatro urgencias 6,66% (4; 60). CONCLUSIÓN. El monitoreo constante mediante el pulsioxímetro durante la atención odontológica permitió identificar a tiempo eventos que hubiesen comprometido la integri-dad del paciente y evitar que se conviertan en emergencia.

INTRODUCTION. The use of an oximeter as a non-invasive monitoring method for a pa-tient, allows dentist to detect, evaluate and prevent emergency situations. OBJECTIVE. Analyze the pulse oximetry in patients attended for dental extractions in the Faculty of Dentistry ́s Surgical Center at the Universidad Central del Ecuador. MATERIALS AND ME-THODS. Observational, descriptive study of 30 patients treated under surgical exodontics protocol and 30 under simple exodontics protocol.Vital signs were measured with pulse oximeter and the data was processed with the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 2.0 to determine the variance through distribution of frequencies, means, standard deviation, Student T tests and Anova. RESULTS. The-re was a greater alteration in pulse, during the exodontic phase in both protocols, while oxygen saturation increased at the anesthesic phase, without having relevant variances. Women patients have increased values of oxygen saturation (95,5%) and pulse (87,07 ± 1,39 beats per minute) compared to men during all phases of both protocols. There were significant pulse variations in patients who had surgical extractions with mild level anxiety. In the other hand, in simple extractions, there was greater pulse variance in patients who have moderate anxiety according to the Corha Anxiety Scale. During the study four ur-gencies 6,66% (4; 60) were identified. CONCLUSION. Constant monitoring by the pulse oximeter during dental care, allowed to identify events that might have compromised the integrity of the patient, in order to prevent and avoid they become an emergency situation.

Multi-Systemic Biological Risk and Cancer Mortality: The NHANES III Study.

Multi-systemic biological risk (MSBR), a proxy for allostatic load, is a composite index of biomarkers representing dysregulation due to responses to chronic stress. This study examined the association of an MSBR index with cancer mortality. The sample included n = 13,628 adults aged 20-90 from the NHANES III Linked Mortality File (1988-1994). The MSBR index included autonomic (pulse rate, blood pressure), metabolic (HOMAir, triglycerides, waist circumference), and immune (white blood cell count, C-reactive protein) markers. We fit Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of overall cancer mortality risk, according to quartiles (q) of the index. In multivariable models, compared to those in q1, q4 had a 64% increased risk for cancer mortality (HR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.13-2.40). The immune domain drove the association (HR per unit = 1.19, 95% CI:1.07-1.32). In stratified analyses, the HR for those with a BMI ≥ 25 was 1.12 per unit (95% CI:1.05-1.19) and those with a BMI < 25 was 1.04 per unit (95% CI:0.92-1.18). MSBR is positively associated with risk for cancer mortality in a US sample, particularly among those who are overweight or obese. The utilization of standard clinical measures comprising this index may inform population cancer prevention strategies.

Different Numbers of Long-Pulse 1064-nm Nd-YAG Laser Treatments for Onychomycosis: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: To examine the benefits of different numbers of 1064-nm Nd-YAG laser treatments in patients with onychomycosis. METHODS: This was a pilot study of patients with onychomycosis who were divided into three groups: four treatment sessions (group A), eight sessions (group B), and 12 sessions (group C). Only infected nails of degrees II-III (Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis) were included. Treatment was given once a week using a long-pulse Nd-YAG 1064-nm laser. Patients were followed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks after the first treatment. Side effects were recorded. RESULTS: Treatments were completed for 442 nails in 102 patients. The efficacy rates at 8, 16, and 24 weeks were 35.5%, 38.7%, and 37.4% for group A; 31.4%, 41.7%, and 44.0% for group B; and 27.7%, 50.0%, and 55.4% for group C, respectively. There was a significant difference in the efficacy rate at 24 weeks (P = 0.016) between groups A and C, but not for groups A vs. B, or for groups B vs. C. No difference in the efficacy rate at 8 or 16 weeks was observed among the three groups. In all three groups, the efficacy was better for degree II nails than for degree III nails (all P = 0.016) between groups A and C, but not for groups A vs. B, or for groups B vs. C. No difference in the efficacy rate at 8 or 16 weeks was observed among the three groups. In all three groups, the efficacy was better for degree II nails than for degree III nails (all. CONCLUSIONS: The 1064-nm Nd-YAG laser had clinical benefits against onychomycosis. Higher numbers of treatments provided better long-term (24-week) benefits, but had no impact on the short-term outcomes. The efficacy of laser treatment on degree II onychomycosis was better than for degree III.

Lead-I ECG for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with an irregular pulse using single time point testing: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with an increased risk of stroke and congestive heart failure. Lead-I electrocardiogram (ECG) devices are handheld instruments that can be used to detect AF at a single time point in people who present with relevant signs or symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic test accuracy, clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of using single time point lead-I ECG devices for the detection of AF in people presenting to primary care with relevant signs or symptoms, and who have an irregular pulse compared with using manual pulse palpation (MPP) followed by a 12-lead ECG in primary or secondary care. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print and MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Databases of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and the Health Technology Assessment Database. METHODS: The systematic review methods followed published guidance. Two reviewers screened the search results (database inception to April 2018), extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy were calculated using bivariate models. An economic model consisting of a decision tree and two cohort Markov models was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of lead-I ECG devices. RESULTS: No studies were identified that evaluated the use of lead-I ECG devices for patients with signs or symptoms of AF. Therefore, the diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact results presented are derived from an asymptomatic population (used as a proxy for people with signs or symptoms of AF). The summary sensitivity of lead-I ECG devices was 93.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 86.2% to 97.4%] and summary specificity was 96.5% (95% CI 90.4% to 98.8%). One study reported limited clinical outcome data. Acceptability of lead-I ECG devices was reported in four studies, with generally positive views. The de novo economic model yielded incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The results of the pairwise analysis show that all lead-I ECG devices generated ICERs per QALY gained below the £20,000-30,000 threshold. Kardia Mobile (AliveCor Ltd, Mountain View, CA, USA) is the most cost-effective option in a full incremental analysis. LIMITATIONS: No published data evaluating the diagnostic accuracy, clinical impact or cost-effectiveness of lead-I ECG devices for the population of interest are available. CONCLUSIONS: Single time point lead-I ECG devices for the detection of AF in people with signs or symptoms of AF and an irregular pulse appear to be a cost-effective use of NHS resources compared with MPP followed by a 12-lead ECG in primary or secondary care, given the assumptions used in the base-case model. FUTURE WORK: Studies assessing how the use of lead-I ECG devices in this population affects the number of people diagnosed with AF when compared with current practice would be useful. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018090375. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of abnormal heart rhythm. People with AF are more likely to have a serious stroke or die than people without the condition. Many people go to their general practitioner (GP) with the signs or symptoms commonly linked to AF, such as feeling dizzy, being short of breath, feeling tired and having heart palpitations. GPs check for AF by taking the patient's pulse by hand. If the GP thinks that the patient might have AF, a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) test is arranged. Lead-I (i.e. one lead) ECGs are handheld electronic devices that could detect AF more accurately than a manual pulse check. If GPs were to routinely use lead-I ECG devices, people with suspected AF could receive treatment while waiting for the AF diagnosis to be confirmed by a 12-lead ECG. This study aimed to assess whether or not the use of lead-I ECGs in GP surgeries could benefit these patients and offer good value for money to the NHS. All studies that examined how well lead-I ECGs identified people with AF were reviewed, and the economic value of using these devices was assessed. No evidence was found that examined the use of lead-I ECGs for people with signs or symptoms of AF. As an alternative, evidence for the use of lead-I ECGs for people with no symptoms of AF was searched for and these data were used to assess value for money. The study found that using a manual pulse check followed by a lead-I ECG offers value for money when compared with a manual pulse check followed by a 12-lead ECG. This is mostly because patients with AF can begin treatment earlier when a GP has access to a lead-I ECG device.

Desarrollo de un sistema biomédico para monitoreo local y remoto de signos vitales de pacientes, utilizando tecnología de Internet de las Cosas, IoT / Development of a biomedical system for local and remote monitoring of vital signs of patients, using Internet of Things technology, IoT

Se desarrolló el prototipo y pruebas de verificación del funcionamiento necesarias en un equipo médico, con el fin de obtener información confiable de dicho dispositivo. Se enfocó la investigación en el área de la tecnología aplicada en el sector de la salud, desarrollando un sistema de monitoreo local y remoto de signos vitales de pacientes utilizando como base la tecnología IoT y dispositivos inteligentes Smartphone. Para ello se diseñó una App Android, un dispositivo electrónico biomédico a partir de la tarjeta electrónica MySignals HW, así como la integración y programación de sensores biométricos con el controlador y periféricos de visualización de la información. El sistema cuenta con la capacidad necesaria de comunicación para que, a través de la red se envíen los datos obtenidos como resultado del proceso de lectura de los sensores a la base de datos en el servidor IoT, lo que permite saber desde cualquier lugar, las lecturas medicas tomadas del paciente por medio de dispositivos inteligentes a través de la App o portal web. Los sensores utilizados y probados en esta investigación son: Oximetría (SpO2 y Pulso), Temperatura corporal, frecuencia respiratoria y tensión o presión arterial.

The prototype and verification tests of the necessary operation in a medical equipment were developed, in order to obtain reliable information from said device. Research was focused on the area of ​​applied technology in the health sector, developing a local and remote monitoring system of vital signs of patients using IoT technology and Smartphone smart devices as a basis. For this, an Android App was designed, a biomedical electronic device based on the MySignals HW electronic card, as well as the integration and programming of biometric sensors with the controller and information display peripherals. The system has the necessary communication capacity so that, through the network, the data obtained as a result of the sensor reading process are sent to the database on the IoT server, which allows to know from anywhere, the Medical readings taken from the patient through smart devices through the App or web portal. The sensors used and tested in this investigation are: Oximetry (SpO2 and Pulse), Body temperature, respiratory rate and blood pressure or pressure.

Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on the arterial resistance index / Efeitos agudos do exercício de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo sobre o índice de resistência arterial

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the acute behavior of the brachial artery resistance index (BARI) and popliteal artery resistance index (PARI) in response to low intensity strength exercises involving small (SMG) and large muscle groups (LMG) performed with and without blood flow restriction. Eleven men (age 23 ± 3.29 years) underwent a four-arm, randomized, cross-over experiment: Small muscle group exercise (SMG), small muscle groups with blood flow restriction (SMG+BFR), large muscle groups (LMG) and large muscle groups with blood flow restriction (LMG+BFR). The behavior of BARI and PARI was evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and at 15 and 30 minutes during recovery. Data analysis showed a significant reduction of the BARI from rest to post-exercise only in the protocols involving SMG, regardless of the BFR (p <0.05). Protocols involving LMG, with or without BFR, did not affect PARI (p> 0.05), but were efficient to promote significant increases in BARI (p <0.05) immediately after exercise. Our findings indicate that the exercises involving SMG, regardless of BFR, are efficient to promote local vasodilatation (brachial artery), but without systemic effects. None of the analyzed protocols affected the PARI behavior.

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento agudo do índice de resistência da artéria braquial (IRAB) e da artéria poplítea (IRAP) em resposta a exercícios de força de baixa intensidade envolvendo pequenos (PGM) e grandes grupos musculares (GGM), realizado com e sem restrição de fluxo sanguíneo. Onze homens (idade 23 ± 3,29 anos) realizaram um experimento randomizado, cruzado, com quatro braços: Exercício para pequenos grupos musculares (PGM), pequenos grupos musculares com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (PGM+RFS), grandes grupos musculares (GGM) e grandes grupos musculares com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (GGM+RFS). O comportamento de IRAB e IRAP foi avaliado em repouso, mediatamente após o exercício, e aos 15 e 30 minutos da recuperação. A análise dos dados mostrou uma redução significativa do IRAB do repouso para o pós-exercício apenas nos protocolos de PGM com ou sem RFS (p <0,05). Protocolos envolvendo GGM, independentemente do BFR, não afetaram o IRAP (p> 0,05), porém, foram eficientes para promover aumentos significativos do IRAB (p <0,05) imediatamente após o exercício. Nossos achados indicam que os exercícios envolvendo PGM, independentemente da BFR, são capazes de promover a vasodilatação local (artéria braquial), porém, sem efeitos sistêmicos. Nenhum dos protocolos analisados afetou o comportamento do IRAP.

A Retrospective Analysis of Peroperative Risk Factors Associated with Posttonsillectomy Reactionary Hemorrhage in a Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngology procedures performed worldwide. It is also one of the first procedures learnt by residents during their training period. Although tonsillectomy is viewed relatively as a low-risk procedure, it can be potentially harmful because of the chance of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Objective: The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of peroperative factors and experience of the surgeon on the incidence and pattern of posttonsillectomy reactionary hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective review of medical charts was performed from 2014 to 2017 in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 1,284 patients who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were included in the study. The parameters assessed were experience of the surgeon, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate. Results: A total of 23 (1.79%) out of the 1,284 patients had reactionary hemorrhage. Out of those 23, 16 (69.5%) patients had been operated on by trainees, while 7 (30.5%) had been operated on by consultants (p = 0.033, odds ratio [OR] = 0.04). Operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in MAP and pulse rate were significantly higher in the reactionary hemorrhage group, and showed a positive association with risk of hemorrhage (p < 0.05; OR >1). Re-exploration to control the bleeding was required in 10 (76.9%) out of the 23 cases. Conclusion: The experience of the surgeon experience and peroperative factors have an association with posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Close surveillance and monitoring of the aforementioned peroperative factors will help in the identification of patients at risk of hemorrhage (AU)